Vše vlastní a ustavičnou praxí žáků

Abstract

Cílem článku je ukázat některé možnosti činnostních přístupů k vyučování v počátečním matematickém vzdělávání na základních školách praktických. Výklad je ilustrován příklady z geometrie. Dále se článek zabývá významem reprezentací pojmů ve vyučování v souvislosti s Brunero­vou klasifikací a některými jevy v současných učebnicích pro základní školy praktické.

The author proposes some possible ways of realising Comenius’s ideal of “everything the pupils’ own and continuous work” in practical basic (elementary) schools. It is based on the conviction that schools orientated to the verbal communication of knowledge do not sufficiently develop the understanding of mathematics, do not motivate pupils effectively and lead in practice to a formal approach to education. We should be systematically developing mathematical understanding activities in pupils in practical basic school too. In this article seven exercises are presented as examples to show the potential for the realisation of such an approach to teach- ing. In a practical way they develop pupil’s ideas about basic geometrical figures – the rectangle, square and triangle. They exploit the possibilities of the informal construction of the figures from models which the pupils create independently for themselves. The pupils get to know the properties of several plane figures in active learning. The final three exercises are an attempt to apply elements of creativity in practical basic schools. The author goes on to look at problems of represen- tation as conceived by J. Bruner (enactive, iconic and symbolic representation), and considers several possible approaches to natural numbers and numeration in practical basic schools. This theme is particularly important because it concerns the mastery of elements of mathematics necessary for everyone. In this context attention is drawn to a number of phenomena in textbooks and work pages for mathematics at practical basic schools which could be handled and presented in an alternative way